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These results suggest that young plants of M. They produced abundant EFNs and pearl bodies, and attracted many ants. Under the high soil nutritional condition, in contrast, the plants strongly expressed the indirect defence traits. Under the low soil nutritional condition, plants strongly expressed the physical defence by trichomes and chemical defence by pellucid dots, meaning that the young plants adopted direct defences under the poor soil nutritional condition. To evaluate the effect of soil nutrients on multiple plant defences, we cultivated Mallotus japonicus under three soil nutritional conditions in the field, and experimentally examined the expression of a physical defence trait (trichomes), chemical traits (pellucid dots), and biotic traits (extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and pearl bodies) of the plants, and the number of ants visiting them. Although soil nutrients can influence the defence strategy of plants that have multiple defence traits, to date, there have been few studies to examine this.
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